Всемирная психиатрия. №2 2020

Безопасность применения 80 антидепрессантов, антипсихотиков, препаратов для лечения синдрома дефицита внимания и гиперактивности, стабилизаторов настроения у детей и подростков с психическими расстройствами: крупномасштабный систематический метаобзор 78 н

Marco Solmi1-3, Michele Fornaro4 , Edoardo G. Ostinelli5,6, Caroline Zangani6, Giovanni Croatto1 , Francesco Monaco7 , Damir Krinitski8 , Paolo Fusar-Poli3,9-11, Christoph U. Correll12-15

Neurosciences Department, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; 2 Padua Neuroscience Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; 3 Early Psychosis: Interven- tions and Clinical detection (EPIC) lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK; 4Department of Psychiatry, Federico II University, Naples, Italy; 5 Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, and Depart- ment of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; 6 Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; 7 Department of Mental Health, ASL Salerno, Salerno, Italy; 8 Integrated Psychiatry Winterthur (IPW), Winterthur, Switzerland; 9 OASIS Service, South London & Maudsley NHS Foun- dation Trust, London, UK; 10Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; 11National Institute for Health Research, Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; 12Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, New York, NY, USA; 13Department of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofs- tra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA; 14Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA; 15Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Стр. 214-232

1257 просмотров

Опубликовано: 1 июня 2020

Аннотация / Abstract

a:2:{s:4:"TEXT";s:65526:"a:2:{s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"HTML";s:4:"TEXT";s:71747:"Детство и юность – это важнейшее время для биопсихосоциального развития1. Многие тяжелые психические расстройства, если не большинство, возникают до 18 лет2. Раннее вмешательство является краеугольным камнем современной психиатрии и продемонстрировало превосходные результаты, например, при психотических расстройствах и биполярном расстройстве3,4. В дополнение к психотерапевтическим и психосоциальным вмешательствам, психотропные препараты часто необходимы для лечения тяжелых психических расстройств и могут вызывать субъективный дистресс и/или выраженные дисфункции у молодых пациентов. Некоторые антидепрессанты, антипсихотики, препараты для лечения синдрома дефицита внимания и гиперактивности (СДВГ) и стабилизаторы настроения, назначаемые взрослым, получили одобрение регулирующих органов для использования в детском и/или подростковом возрасте5, а многие из них используются офф-лейбл6-10. Однако несмотря на доказательства эффективности ряда психотропных препаратов в молодом возрасте, длительность нелеченного заболевания при депрессивном расстройстве11, биполярном аффективном расстройстве12,13, шизофрении14, обсессивно-компульсивном расстройстве15, тревожном расстройстве16 и других психических расстройствах17 часто бывает большой18,19, что отрицательно сказывается на отдаленных исходах14,20-24. Такая задержка может быть связана с несколькими факторами. Они, безусловно, включают более низкую обращаемость из-за стигматизации и самостигматизации, связанной с психическими заболеваниями25-27, но также актуальны связанные со стигматизацией или основанные на данных исследований опасения по поводу безопасности применения психотропных препаратов в детском и подростковом возрасте28-34. Низкое качество данных о безопасности применения психотропных препаратов потенциально может быть причиной задержки начала лечения или отказа от него, несмотря на доказательства того, что лекарства, используемые в психиат...

Детство и юность – это важнейшее время для биопсихосоциального развития1. Многие тяжелые психические расстройства, если не большинство, возникают до 18 лет2. Раннее вмешательство является краеугольным камнем современной психиатрии и продемонстрировало превосходные результаты, например, при психотических расстройствах и биполярном расстройстве3,4. В дополнение к психотерапевтическим и психосоциальным вмешательствам, психотропные препараты часто необходимы для лечения тяжелых психических расстройств и могут вызывать субъективный дистресс и/или выраженные дисфункции у молодых пациентов. Некоторые антидепрессанты, антипсихотики, препараты для лечения синдрома дефицита внимания и гиперактивности (СДВГ) и стабилизаторы настроения, назначаемые взрослым, получили одобрение регулирующих органов для исп...

Материал для специалистов

Полный текст статьи доступен только зарегистрированным пользователям.

Вход / Регистрация

1.Parellada M. Why psychogeriatrics starts right after adolescence. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2013;22:391-3.
2.Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O et al. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005;62:593-602.
3.Correll CU, Galling B, Pawar A et al. Comparison of early intervention services vs treatment as usual for early-phase psychosis: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. JAMA Psychiatry 2018;75:555-65.
4.Chia MF, Cotton S, Filia K et al. Early intervention for bipolar disorder – Do current treatment guidelines provide recommendations for the early stages of the disorder? J Affect Disord 2019;257:669-77.
5.Correll CU, Kratochvil CJ, March JS. Developments in pediatric psychopharmacology: focus on stimulants, antidepressants, and antipsychotics. J Clin Psychiatry 2011;72:655-70.
6.Kornø KT, Aagaard L. Off-label prescribing of antipsychotics in a Danish child and adolescent mental health center: a register-based study. J Res Pharm Pract 2018;7:205-9.
7.Panther SG, Knotts AM, Odom-Maryon T et al. Off-label prescribing trends for ADHD medications in very young children. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 2017;22:423-9.
8.Braüner JV, Johansen LM, Roesbjerg T et al. Off-label prescription of psychopharmacological drugs in child and adolescent psychiatry. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2016;36:500-7.
9.Sharma AN, Arango C, Coghill D et al. BAP Position Statement: Off-label prescribing of psychotropic medication to children and adolescents. J Psychopharmacol 2016;30:416-21.
10.Shekelle P, Maglione M, Bagley S. Efficacy and comparative effectiveness of off-label use of atypical antipsychotics. Agency Healthc Res Qual 2007;6.
11.Hung C, Yu NW, Liu CY et al. The impact of the duration of an untreated episode on improvement of depression and somatic symptoms. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2015;11:2245-52.
12.Dagani J, Signorini G, Nielssen O et al. Meta-analysis of the interval between the onset and management of bipolar disorder. Can J Psychiatry 2017;62:247-58.
13.Van Meter AR, Burke C, Youngstrom EA et al. The bipolar prodrome: meta-analysis of symptom prevalence prior to initial or recurrent mood episodes. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2016;55:543-55.
14.Compton MT, Gordon TL, Goulding SM et al. Patient-level predictors and clinical correlates of duration of untreated psychosis among hospitalized first-episode patients. J Clin Psychiatry 2011;72:225-32.
15.Albert U, Barbaro F, Bramante S et al. Duration of untreated illness and response to SRI treatment in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Eur Psychiatry 2019;58:19-26.
16.Benatti B, Camuri G, Dell’Osso B et al. Which factors influence onset and latency to treatment in generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder? Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2016;31:347-52.
17.Kisely S, Scott A, Denney J et al. Duration of untreated symptoms in common mental disorders: association with outcomes. Br J Psychiatry 2006;189:79-80.
18.Rubio JM, Correll CU. Duration and relevance of untreated psychiatric disorders, 1: Psychotic disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 2017;78:358-9.
19.Rubio JM, Correll CU. Duration and relevance of untreated psychiatric disorders, 2: Nonpsychotic psychiatric disorders and substance use disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 2017;78:464-5.
20.Penttilä M, Jaä¨skel¨ainen E, Hirvonen N et al. Duration of untreated psychosis as predictor of long-term outcome in schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 2014;205:88-94.
21.Ghio L, Gotelli S, Marcenaro M et al. Duration of untreated illness and outcomes in unipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2014;152-154:45-51.
22.Compton MT, Gordon TL, Weiss PS et al. The “doses” of initial, untreated hallucinations and delusions: a proof-of-concept study of enhanced predictors of first-episode symptomatology and functioning relative to duration of untreated psychosis. J Clin Psychiatry 2011;72:1487-93.
23.Hung CI, Liu CY, Yang CH. Untreated duration predicted the severity of depression at the two-year follow-up point. PLoS One 2017;12:e0185119.
24.Medeiros GC, Senço SB, Lafer B et al. Association between duration of untreated bipolar disorder and clinical outcome: data from a Brazilian sample. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 2016;38:6-10.
25.Kular A, Perry BI, Brown L et al. Stigma and access to care in first-episode psychosis. Early Interv Psychiatry 2019;13:1208-13.
26.Gronholm PC, Thornicroft G, Laurens KR et al. Mental health-related stigma and pathways to care for people at risk of psychotic disorders or experiencing first-episode psychosis: a systematic review. Psychol Med 2017;47:1867-79.
27.Gerlinger G, Hauser M, De Hert M et al. Personal stigma in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a systematic review of prevalence rates, correlates, impact and interventions. World Psychiatry 2013;12:155-64.
28.Ray WA, Stein CM, Murray KT et al. Association of antipsychotic treatment with risk of unexpected death among children and youths. JAMA Psychiatry 2019;76:162-71.
29.Galling B, Roldán A, Nielsen RE et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in youth exposed to antipsychotics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 2016;73:247-59.
30.Isacsson G, Rich CL. Antidepressant drugs and the risk of suicide in children and adolescents. Pediatr Drugs 2014;16:115-22.
31.Hennissen L, Bakker MJ, Banaschewski T et al. Cardiovascular effects of stimulant and non-stimulant medication for children and adolescents with ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis of trials of methylphenidate, amphetamines and atomoxetine. CNS Drugs 2017;31:199-215.
32.Zito JM, Burcu M. Stimulants and pediatric cardiovascular risk. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2017;27:538-45.
33.Fish FA, Kannankeril PJ. Diagnosis and management of sudden death in children. Curr Opin Pediatr 2012;24:592-602.
34.Bell GS, Mula M, Sander JW. Suicidality in people taking antiepileptic drugs: what is the evidence? CNS Drugs 2009;23:281-92.
35.Dragioti E, Solmi M, Favaro A et al. Association of antidepressant use with adverse health outcomes: a systematic umbrella review. JAMA Psychiatry 2019;76:1241-55.
36.Sharma A, Guski LS, Freund N et al. Suicidality and aggression during antidepressant treatment: systematic review and meta-analyses based on clinical study reports. BMJ 2016;352:i65.
37.Barbui C, Cipriani A, Geddes JR. Antidepressants and suicide symptoms: compelling new insights from the FDA’s analysis of individual patient level data. Evid Based Ment Health 2008;11:34-6.
38.Singh T, Prakash A, Rais T et al. Decreased use of antidepressants in youth after US Food and Drug Administration black box warning. Psychiatry 2009;6:30-4.
39.Fornaro M, Anastasia A, Valchera A et al. The FDA “black box” warning on antidepressant suicide risk in young adults: more harm than benefits? Front Psychiatry 2019;10:294.
40.Cipriani A, Zhou X, Del Giovane C et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of antidepressants for major depressive disorder in children and adolescents: a network meta-analysis. Lancet 2016;388:881-90.
41.Cortese S, Tomlinson A, Cipriani A. Meta-review: network meta-analyses in child and adolescent psychiatry. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2019;58:167-79.
42.Solmi M, Correll CU, Carvalho AF et al. The role of meta-analyses and umbrella reviews in assessing the harms of psychotropic medications: beyond qualitative synthesis. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2018;27:537-42.
43.Chen H, Cohen P, Chen S. How big is a big odds ratio? Interpreting the magnitudes of odds ratios in epidemiological studies. Commun Stat – Simul Comput 2010;39:860-4.
44.Correll CU, Rubio JM, Inczedy-Farkas G et al. Efficacy of 42 pharmacologic cotreatment strategies added to antipsychotic monotherapy in schizophrenia: systematic overview and quality appraisal of the meta-analytic evidence. JAMA Psychiatry 2017;74:675-84.
45.Shea BJ, Grimshaw JM, Wells GA et al. Development of AMSTAR: a measurement tool to assess the methodological quality of systematic reviews. BMC Med Res Methodol 2007;7(10).
46.Higgins JPT, Savovic J, Page MJ et al. Revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2). https://sites.google.com/site/riskofbiastool/welcome/rob-2-0-tool/current-version-of-rob-2.
47.Wells G, Shea B, O’Connell J et al. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp.
48.Catalá-López F, Hutton B, Núñez-Beltrán A et al. The pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a systematic review with network meta-analyses of randomised trials. PLoS One 2017;12:e0180355.
49.Dobson ET, Bloch MH, Strawn JR. Efficacy and tolerability of pharmacotherapy for pediatric anxiety disorders: a network meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 2019;80:17r12064.
50.Uthman OA, Abdulmalik J. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of pharmacotherapeutic agents for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: a mixed treatment comparison meta-analysis. Curr Med Res Opin 2010;26:53-9.
51.Maneeton N, Srisurapanont M. Tricyclic antidepressants for depressive disorders in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials. J Med Assoc Thai 2000;83:1367-74.
52.Hetrick SE, McKenzie JE, Cox GR et al. Newer generation antidepressants for depressive disorders in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;11:CD004851.
53.Julious SA. Efficacy and suicidal risk for antidepressants in paediatric and adolescent patients. Stat Methods Med Res 2013;22:190-218.
54.Bridge JA, Iyengar S, Salary CB et al. Clinical response and risk for reported suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in pediatric antidepressant treatment: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 2007;297:1683-96.
55.Dubicka B, Hadley S, Roberts C. Suicidal behaviour in youths with depression treated with new-generation antidepressants: meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 2006;189:393-8.
56.Hammad TA, Laughren T, Racoosin J. Suicidality in pediatric patients treated with antidepressant drugs. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006;63:332-9.
57.Strawn JR, Welge JA, Wehry AM et al. Efficacy and tolerability of antidepressants in pediatric anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Depress Anxiety 2015;32:149-57.
58.Rohden AI, Benchaya MC, Camargo RS et al. Dropout prevalence and associated factors in randomized clinical trials of adolescents treated for depression: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Ther 2017;39:971-92.
59.Locher C, Koechlin H, Zion SR et al. Efficacy and safety of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and placebo for common psychiatric disorders among children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 2017;74:1011-20.
60.Otasowie J, Castells X, Ehimare UP et al. Tricyclic antidepressants for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;9:CD006997.
61.Ipser JC, Stein DJ, Hawkridge S et al. Pharmacotherapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;3:CD005170.
62.Wang Z, Whiteside SPH, Sim L et al. Comparative effectiveness and safety of cognitive behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy for childhood anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr 2017;171:1049-56.
63.Rojas-Mirquez JC, Rodriguez-Zuñiga MJM, Bonilla-Escobar FJ et al. Nocebo effect in randomized clinical trials of antidepressants in children and adolescents: systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Behav Neurosci 2014;8:375.
64.Hazell P, O’Connell D, Heathcote D et al. Tricyclic drugs for depression in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002;2:CD002317.
65.Kye CH, Waterman GS, Ryan ND et al. A randomized, controlled trial of amitriptyline in the acute treatment of adolescent major depression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996;35:1139-44.
66.Conners CK, Casat CD, Gualtieri CT et al. Bupropion hydrochloride in attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996;35:1314-21.
67.Geller B, Cooper TB, Graham DL et al. Pharmacokinetically designed double-blind placebo-controlled study of nortriptyline in 6- to 12-year-olds with major depressive disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1992;31:34-44.
68.Wagner KD, Ambrosini P, Rynn M et al. Efficacy of sertraline in the treatment of children and adolescents with major depressive disorder: two randomized controlled trials. JAMA 2003;290:1033-41.
69.Wagner KD, Berard R, Stein MB et al. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of paroxetine in children and adolescents with social anxiety disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004;61:1153-62.
70.Emslie GJ, Findling RL, Yeung PP et al. Venlafaxine ER for the treatment of pediatric subjects with depression: results of two placebo-controlled trials. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007;46:479-88.
71.Emslie GJ, Prakash A, Zhang Q et al. A double-blind efficacy and safety study of duloxetine fixed doses in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2014;24:170-9.
72.Rynn M. Efficacy and safety of extended-release venlafaxine in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder in children and adolescents: two placebo-controlled trials. Am J Psychiatry 2007;164:290-300.
73.Emslie GJ, Ventura D, Korotzer A et al. Escitalopram in the treatment of adolescent depression: a randomized placebo-controlled multisite trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2009;48:721-9.
74.March JS, Entusah AR, Rynn M et al. A randomized controlled trial of venlafaxine ER versus placebo in pediatric social anxiety disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2007;62:1149-54.
75.Pfizer. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of venlafaxine ER in children and adolescents with generalized anxiety disorder. EMA Paediatric Web Synopsis, 2011.
76.Wagner KD, Jonas J, Findling RL et al. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of escitalopram in the treatment of pediatric depression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006;45:280-8.
77.Von Knorring AL, Olsson GI, Thomsen PH et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of citalopram in adolescents with major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2006;26:311-5.
78.Emslie GJ, Heiligenstein JH, Wagner KD et al. Fluoxetine for acute treatment of depression in children and adolescents: a placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2002;41:1205-15.
79.Geller DA, Hoog SL, Heiligenstein JH et al. Fluoxetine treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: a placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2001;40:773-9.
80.Riddle MA, Reeve EA, Yaryura-Tobias JA et al. Fluvoxamine for children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized, controlled, multicenter trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2001;40:222-9.
81.Emslie GJ, Wagner KD, Kutcher S et al. Paroxetine treatment in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006;45:709-19.
82.Geller DA, Wagner KD, Emslie G et al. Paroxetine treatment in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004;43:1387-96.
83.Robb AS, Cueva JE, Sporn J et al. Sertraline treatment of children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2010;20:463-71.
84.March JS, Biederman J, Wolkow R et al. Sertraline in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1998;280:1752-6.
85.Biederman J, Baldessarini RJ, Wright V et al. A double-blind placebo controlled study of desipramine in the treatment of ADD: I. Efficacy. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1989;28:777-84.
86.Strawn JR, Prakash A, Zhang Q et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled study of duloxetine for the treatment of children and adolescents with generalized anxiety disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2015;54:283-93.
87.Findling RL, Robb A, Bose A. Escitalopram in the treatment of adolescent depression: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled extension trial. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2013;23:468-80.
88.March JS. Fluoxetine, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and their combination for adolescents with depression: Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS) randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004;292:807-20.
89.Pine DS, Walkup JT, Labellarte MJ et al. Fluvoxamine for the treatment of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1279-85.
90.Keller MB, Ryan ND, Strober M et al. Efficacy of paroxetine in the treatment of adolescent major depression: a randomized, controlled trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2001;40:762-72.
91.Mosholder AD. Nefazodone hydrochloride (Serzone) – Review and evaluation of clinical data. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/pediatric/020152s032_nefazodone_Serzone_Clinical_BPCA.pdf.
92.Atkinson S, Lubaczewski S, Ramaker S et al. Desvenlafaxine versus placebo in the treatment of children and adolescents with major depressive disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2018;28:55-65.
93.Emslie GJ, Wells TG, Prakash A et al. Acute and longer-term safety results from a pooled analysis of duloxetine studies for the treatment of children and adolescents with major depressive disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2015;25:293-305.
94.Durgam S, Chen C, Migliore R et al. A phase 3, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of vilazodone in adolescents with major depressive disorder. Paediatr Drugs 2018;20:353-63.
95.Herscu P, Handen BL, Arnold LE et al. The SOFIA study: negative multi-center study of low dose fluoxetine on repetitive behaviors in children and adolescents with autistic disorder. J Autism Dev Disord (in press).
96.Hollander E, Phillips A, Chaplin W et al. A placebo controlled crossover trial of liquid fluoxetine on repetitive behaviors in childhood and adolescent autism. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005;30:582-9.
97.DeVeaugh-Geiss J, Moroz G, Biederman J et al. Clomipramine hydrochloride in childhood and adolescent obsessive-compulsive disorder – a multicenter trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1992;31:45-9.
98.Gracious BL, Fontanella CA, Phillips GS et al. Antidepressant exposure and risk of fracture among Medicaid-covered youth. J Clin Psychiatry 2016;77:e950-6.
99.Steinhausen HC, Helenius D. The association between medication for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and cancer. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2013;23:208-13.
100.Valuck RJ, Libby AM, Sills MR et al. Antidepressant treatment and risk of suicide attempt by adolescents with major depressive disorder: a propensity-adjusted retrospective cohort study. CNS Drugs 2004;18:1119-32.
101.Krause M, Zhu Y, Huhn M et al. Efficacy, acceptability, and tolerability of antipsychotics in children and adolescents with schizophrenia: a network meta-analysis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2018;28:659-74.
102.Pagsberg AK, Tarp S, Glintborg D et al. Acute antipsychotic treatment of children and adolescents with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2017;56:191-202.
103.Cohen D, Bonnot O, Bodeau N et al. Adverse effects of second-generation antipsychotics in children and adolescents: a Bayesian meta-analysis. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2012;32:309-16.
104.Stafford MR, Mayo-Wilson E, LouCE et al. Efficacy and safety of pharmacological and psychological interventions for the treatment of psychosis and schizophrenia in children, adolescents and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2015;10:e0117166.
105.Ardizzone I, Nardecchia F, Marconi A et al. Antipsychotic medication in adolescents suffering from schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Psychopharmacol Bull 2010;43:45-66.
106.Schneider-Thoma J, Efthimiou O, Bighelli I et al. Second-generation antipsychotic drugs and short-term somatic serious adverse events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry 2019;6:753-65.
107.Correll CU, Sheridan EM, DelBello MP. Antipsychotic and mood stabilizer efficacy and tolerability in pediatric and adult patients with bipolar I mania: a comparative analysis of acute, randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Bipolar Disord 2010;12:116-41.
108.Seida JC, Schouten JR, Mousavi SS et al. First- and second-generation antipsychotics for children and young adults. Rockville: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2012.
109.Fallah MS, Shaikh MR, Neupane B et al. Atypical antipsychotics for irritability in pediatric autism: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2019;29:168-80.
110.Maneeton B, Putthisri S, Maneeton N et al. Quetiapine monotherapy versus placebo in the treatment of children and adolescents with bipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2017;13:1023-32.
111.Maneeton N, Maneeton B, Putthisri S et al. Aripiprazole in acute treatment of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2018;14:3063-72.
112.Fung LK, Mahajan R, Nozzolillo A et al. Pharmacologic treatment of severe irritability and problem behaviors in autism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2016;137 (Suppl. 2):S124-35.
113.Pringsheim T, Lam D, Ching H et al. Metabolic and neurological complications of second-generation antipsychotic use in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Drug Saf 2011;34:651-68.
114.Kumar A, Datta SS, Wright SD et al. Atypical antipsychotics for psychosis in adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;10:CD009582.
115.Aman MG, Bukstein OG, Gadow KD et al. What does risperidone add to parent training and stimulant for severe aggression in child attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2014;53:47-60.
116.Connor DF, McLaughlin TJ, Jeffers-Terry M. Randomized controlled pilot study of quetiapine in the treatment of adolescent conduct disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2008;18:140-56.
117.Hollander E, Wasserman S, Swanson EN et al. A double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study of olanzapine in childhood/adolescent pervasive developmental disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2006;16:541-8.
118.Ichikawa H, Mikami K, Okada T et al. Aripiprazole in the treatment of irritability in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder in Japan: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2017;48:796-806.
119.Kryzhanovskaya L, Schulz SC, McDougle C et al. Olanzapine versus placebo in adolescents with schizophrenia: a 6-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2009;48:60-70.
120.Loebel A, Brams M, Goldman RS et al. Lurasidone for the treatment of irritability associated with autistic disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2016;46:1153-63.
121.Marcus RN, Owen R, Kamen L et al. A Placebo-controlled, fixed-dose study of aripiprazole in children and adolescents with irritability associated with autistic disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2009;48:1110-9.
122.McCracken JT, McGough J, Shah B et al. Risperidone in children with autism and serious behavioral problems. N Engl J Med 2002;347:314-21.
123.Owen R, Sikich L, Marcus RN et al. Aripiprazole in the treatment of irritability in children and adolescents with autistic disorder. Pediatrics 2009;124:1533-40.
124.Paillère-Martinot ML, Lecrubier Y, Martinot JL et al. Improvement of some schizophrenic deficit symptoms with low doses of amisulpride. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:130-4.
125.Pathak S, Findling RL, Earley WR et al. Efficacy and safety of quetiapine in children and adolescents with mania associated with bipolar I disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2013;74:e100-9.
126.Remington G, Sloman L, Konstantareas M et al. Clomipramine versus haloperidol in the treatment of autistic disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2001;21:440-4.
127.Findling RL, Robb A, Nyilas M et al. A multiple-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of oral aripiprazole for treatment of adolescents with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2008;165:1432-41.
128.Reyes M, Buitelaar J, Toren P et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of risperidone maintenance treatment in children and adolescents with disruptive behavior disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2006;163:402-10.
129.Singh J, Robb A, Vijapurkar U et al. A randomized, double-blind study of paliperidone extended-release in treatment of acute schizophrenia in adolescents. Biol Psychiatry 2011;70:1179-87.
130.Tohen M, Kryzhanovskaya L, Carlson G et al. Olanzapine versus placebo in the treatment of adolescents with bipolar mania. Am J Psychiatry 2007;164:1547-56.
131.Pool D, Bloom W, Mielke DH et al. A controlled evaluation of loxitane in seventy five adolescent schizophrenic patients. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 1976;19:99-104.
132.Haas M, Unis AS, Armenteros J et al. A 6-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of risperidone in adolescents with schizophrenia. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2009;19:611-21.
133.Findling RL, Nyilas M, Forbes RA et al. Acute treatment of pediatric bipolar I disorder, manic or mixed episode, with aripiprazole: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry 2009;70:1441-51.
134.Findling RL, McKenna K, Earley WR et al. Efficacy and safety of quetiapine in adolescents with schizophrenia investigated in a 6-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2012;22:327-42.
135.Findling RL, Cavus¸ I, Pappadopulos E et al. Ziprasidone in adolescents with schizophrenia: results from a placebo-controlled efficacy and long-term open-extension study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2013;23:531-44.
136.Findling RL, Landbloom RP, Mackle M et al. Safety and efficacy from an 8 week double-blind trial and a 26 week open-label extension of asenapine in adolescents with schizophrenia. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2015;25:384-96.
137.Goldman R, Loebel A, Cucchiaro J et al. Efficacy and safety of lurasidone in adolescents with schizophrenia: a 6-week, randomized placebo-controlled study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2017;27:516-25.
138.Haas M, Delbello MP, Pandina G et al. Risperidone for the treatment of acute mania in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Bipolar Disord 2009;11:687-700.
139.Hagman J, Gralla J, Sigel E et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of risperidone for the treatment of adolescents and young adults with anorexia nervosa: A pilot study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2011;50:915-24.
140.Findling RL, Cavus¸ I, Pappadopulos E et al. Efficacy, long-term safety, and tolerability of ziprasidone in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2013;23:545-57.
141.Findling RL, Landbloom RL, Szegedi A et al. Asenapine for the acute treatment of pediatric manic or mixed episode of bipolar I disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2015;54:1032-41.
142.DelBello MP, Goldman R, Phillips D et al. Efficacy and safety of lurasidone in children and adolescents with bipolar i depression: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2017;56:1015-25.
143.Andrade SE, Lo JC, Roblin D et al. Antipsychotic medication use among children and risk of diabetes mellitus. Pediatrics 2011;128:1135-41.
144.Cortese S, Adamo N, Del Giovane C et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children, adolescents, and adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry 2018;5:727-38.
145.Joseph A, Ayyagari R, Xie M et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder pharmacotherapies, including guanfacine extended release: a mixed treatment comparison. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2017;26:875-97.
146.Storebø OJ, Ramstad E, Krogh HB et al. Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015;11:CD009885.
147.Schwartz S, Correll CU. Efficacy and safety of atomoxetine in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: results from a comprehensive meta-analysis and metaregression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2014;53:174-87.
148.Ching C, Eslick GD, Poulton AS. Evaluation of methylphenidate safety and maximum-dose titration rationale in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr 2019;173:630-9.
149.Hirota T, Schwartz S, Correll CU. Alpha-2 agonists for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in youth: a systematic review and meta-analysis of monotherapy and add-on trials to stimulant therapy. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2014;53:153-73.
150.Coughlin CG, Cohen SC, Mulqueen JM et al. Meta-analysis: reduced risk of anxiety with psychostimulant treatment in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2015;25:611-7.
151.Schachter HM, Pham B, King J et al. How efficacious and safe is short-acting methylphenidate for the treatment of attention-deficit disorder in children and adolescents? A meta-analysis. CMAJ 2001;165:1475-88.
152.Bangs ME, Wietecha LA, Wang S et al. Meta-analysis of suicide-related behavior or ideation in child, adolescent, and adult patients treated with atomoxetine. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2014;24:426-34.
153.Wang SM, Han C, Lee SJ et al. Modafinil for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res 2017;84:292-300.
154.Holmskov M, Storebø OJ, Moreira-Maia CR et al. Gastrointestinal adverse events during methylphenidate treatment of children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of randomised clinical trials. PLoS One 2017;12:e0178187.
155.Punja S, Shamseer L, Hartling L et al. Amphetamines for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016;2:CD009996.
156.Patra S, Nebhinani N, Viswanathan A et al. Atomoxetine for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents with autism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Autism Res 2019;12:542-52.
157.Newcorn JH, Kratochvil CJ, Allen AJ et al. Atomoxetine and osmotically released methylphenidate for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: acute comparison and differential response. Am J Psychiatry 2008;165:721-30.
158.Findling RL, Quinn D, Hatch SJ et al. Comparison of the clinical efficacy of twice-daily Ritalin® and once-daily EquasymTM XL with placebo in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006;15:450-9.
159.Greenhill LL, Biederman J, Boellner SW et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of modafinil film-coated tablets in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006;45:503-11.
160.Kahbazi M, Ghoreishi A, Rahiminejad F et al. A randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled trial of modafinil in children and adolescents with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Res 2009;168:234-7.
161.Biederman J, Lopez FA, Boellner SW et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of SLI381 (Adderall XR) in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 2002;110:258-66.
162.Biederman J, Swanson JM, Wigal SB et al. A comparison of once-daily and divided doses of modafinil in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry 2006;67:727-35.
163.Hervas A, Huss M, Johnson M et al. Efficacy and safety of extended-release guanfacine hydrochloride in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, controlled, Phase III trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014;24:1861-72.
164.Jain R, Segal S, Kollins SH et al. Clonidine extended-release tablets for pediatric patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2011;50:171-9.
165.Michelson D, Faries D, Wernicke J et al. Atomoxetine in the treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-response study. Pediatrics 2001;108:E83.
166.Wilens TE, Bukstein O, Brams M et al. A controlled trial of extended-release guanfacine and psychostimulants for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2012;51:74-85.e2.
167.Biederman J, Swanson JM, Wigal SB et al. Efficacy and safety of modafinil film-coated tablets in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, flexible-dose study. Pediatrics 2005;116:e777-84.
168.Gittelman-Klein R, Klein DF, Katz S et al. Comparative effects of methylphenidate and thioridazine in hyperkinetic children: I. Clinical results. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976;33:1217-31.
169.Newcorn JH, Nagy P, Childress AC et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled acute comparator trials of lisdexamfetamine and extended-release methylphenidate in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. CNS Drugs 2017;31:999-1014.
170.Conners CK, Taylor E, Meo G et al. Magnesium pemoline and dextroamphetamine: a controlled study in children with minimal brain dysfunction. Psychopharmacologia 1972;26:321-36.
171.Daviss WB, Patel NC, Robb AS et al. Clonidine for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: II. ECG changes and adverse events analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2008;47:189-98.
172.Tumuluru R V., Corbett-Dick P, Aman MG et al. Adverse events of atomoxetine in a double-blind placebo-controlled study in children with autism. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2017;27:708-14.
173.Spencer TJ, Abikoff HB, Connor DF et al. Efficacy and safety of mixed amphetamine salts extended release (Adderall XR) in the management of oppositional defiant disorder with or without comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in school-aged children and adolescents: a 4-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, forced-dose-escalation study. Clin Ther 2006;28:402-18.
174.McAfee AT, Holdridge KC, Johannes CB et al. The effect of pharmacotherapy for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder on risk of seizures in pediatric patients as assessed in an insurance claims database. Curr Drug Saf 2008;3:123-31.
175.Winterstein AG, Gerhard T, Shuster J et al. Cardiac safety of central nervous system stimulants in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 2007;120:e1494-501.
176.Dalsgaard S, Kvist AP, Leckman JF et al. Cardiovascular safety of stimulants in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a nationwide prospective cohort study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2014;24:302-10.
177.Hemmer SA, Pasternak JF, Zecker SG et al. Stimulant therapy and seizure risk in children with ADHD. Pediatr Neurol 2001;24:99-102.
178.Hirota T, Veenstra-Vanderweele J, Hollander E et al. Antiepileptic medications in autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Autism Dev Disord 2014;44:948-57.
179.Jochim J, Rifkin-Zybutz R, Geddes J et al. Valproate for acute mania. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019; 10:CD004052.
180.Wagner KD, Redden L, Kowatch RA et al. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of divalproex extended-release in the treatment of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2009;48:519-32.
181.Wagner KD, Kowatch RA, Emslie GJ et al. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of oxcarbazepine in the treatment of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 2006;163:1179-86.
182.Delbello MP, Findling RL, Kushner S et al. A pilot controlled trial of topiramate for mania in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2005;44:539-47.
183.Belsito KM, Law PA, Kirk KS et al. Lamotrigine therapy for autistic disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Autism Dev Disord 2001;31:175-81.
184.Hellings JA, Weckbaugh M, Nickel EJ et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of valproate for aggression in youth with pervasive developmental disorders. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2005;15:682-92.
185.Hollander E, Chaplin W, Soorya L et al. Divalproex sodium vs placebo for the treatment of irritability in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010;35:990-8.
186.Rezaei V, Mohammadi MR, Ghanizadeh A et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of risperidone plus topiramate in children with autistic disorder. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacology Biol Psychiatry 2010;34:1269-72.
187.Blader JC, Schooler NR, Jensen PS et al. Adjunctive divalproex versus placebo for children with ADHD and aggression refractory to stimulant monotherapy. Am J Psychiatry 2009;166:1392-401.
188.Yuan J, Song J, Zhu D et al. Lithium treatment is safe in children with intellectual disability. Front Mol Neurosci 2018;11:425.
189.Cueva JE, Overall JE, Small AM et al. Carbamazepine in aggressive children with conduct disorder: a double-blind and placebo-controlled study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996;35:480-90.
190.Findling RL, McNamara NK, Pavuluri M et al. Lithium for the maintenance treatment of bipolar I disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled discontinuation study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2019;58:287-96.
191.Findling RL, Chang K, Robb A et al. Adjunctive maintenance lamotrigine for pediatric bipolar I disorder: a placebo-controlled, randomized withdrawal study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2015;54:1020-31.
192.Huhn M, Nikolakopoulou A, Schneider-Thoma J et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 32 oral antipsychotics for the acute treatment of adults with multi-episode schizophrenia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet 2019;394:939-51.
193.Yatham LN, Kennedy SH, Parikh SV et al. Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CAСМАT) and International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) 2018 guidelines for the management of patients with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2018;20:97-170.
194.Fornaro M, De Berardis D, Perna G et al. Lurasidone in the treatment of bipolar depression: systematic review of systematic reviews. Biomed Res Int 2017;2017:3084859.
195.Stroup TS, Gray N. Management of common adverse effects of antipsychotic medications. World Psychiatry 2018;17:341-356.
196.Ellul P, Delorme R, Cortese S. Metformin for weight gain associated with second-generation antipsychotics in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CNS Drugs 2018;32:1103-12.
197.Correll CU, Sikich L, Reeves G et al. Metformin add-on vs. antipsychotic switch vs. continued antipsychotic treatment plus healthy lifestyle education in overweight or obese youth with severe mental illness: results from the IMPACT trial. World Psychiatry 2020;19:69-80.
198.Correll CU. Antipsychotic use in children and adolescents: minimizing adverse effects to maximize outcomes. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2008;47:9-20.
199.Luft MJ, Lamy M, DelBello MP et al. Antidepressant-induced activation in children and adolescents: risk, recognition and management. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2018;48:50-62.
200.Wigal SB. Efficacy and safety limitations of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder pharmacotherapy in children and adults. CNS Drugs 2009;23(Suppl. 1):21-31.
201.Montejo AL, Montejo L, Baldwin DS. The impact of severe mental disorders and psychotropic medications on sexual health and its implications for clinical management. World Psychiatry 2018;17:3-11.

ЖУРНАЛЫ

ИНТЕРАКТИВ

СПЕЦИАЛИЗАЦИИ

ИЗДАНИЯ-ПАРТНЕРЫ

Материал для специалистов

ЖУРНАЛЫ

ИНТЕРАКТИВ

СПЕЦИАЛИЗАЦИИ

ИЗДАНИЯ-ПАРТНЕРЫ

Материал для специалистов

Con-Med Passport