Инсайт при расстройствах шизофренического спектра: связь с поведением, настроением и субъективным качеством жизни, лежащие в основе причины и перспективы лечения
Всемирная психиатрия. №1 2018
Инсайт при расстройствах шизофренического спектра: связь с поведением, настроением и субъективным качеством жизни, лежащие в основе причины и перспективы лечения
Paul H. Lysaker1, Michelle L. Pattison2, Bethany L. Leonhardt3, Scott Phelps4, Jenifer L. Vohs5
1Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; 2College of Applied Behavioral Sciences, University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA; 3Indiana University School of Medicine, Eskenazi Health-Midtown Community Mental Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA; 4Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA; 5Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
Стр. 12-23
1622 просмотров
Опубликовано: 19 июня 2018
Аннотация / Abstract
a:2:{s:4:"TEXT";s:65534:"a:2:{s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"HTML";s:4:"TEXT";s:84543:"Перевод: Шишорин Р. (г. Москва)
Редактура: к.м.н. Потанин С. (г. Москва)
Недостаточный инсайт при шизофрении широко распространен в различных культурах и стадиях заболевания. В этом обзоре мы рассматриваем последние исследования, посвященные взаимосвязи инсайта с поведением, настроением и воспринимаемым качеством жизни, о его комплексных причинах и об эффектах существующего и перспективного лечения. Данное исследование показывает, что недостаточный инсайт ведет к худшей приверженности лечению и более слабому терапевтическому альянсу, более высокой тяжести симптомов и большему нарушению социального функционирования, в то время как хороший инсайт связан с более частым возникновением депрессии и деморализации, особенно в тех случаях, когда ему сопутствуют стигматизация и общественное отвержение. Это исследование также показывает, что недостаточный инсайт может быть связан с пережитым опытом, биологическими, нейропсихологическими, социокогнитивными, метакогнитивными и социально-политическими факторами. Исследования эффектов существующей и разрабатываемой терапии показали, что они могут оказывать влияние на качество инсайта. В контексте предыдущих исследований и исторических моделей, эти данные свидетельствуют в пользу интегративной модели недостаточного инсайта. Эта модель говорит о том, что для инсайта необходима интеграция информации об изменениях во внутреннем состоянии, внешних обстоятельствах, в перспективах и возможном жизненном пути, так же как и о разнообразных следствиях и причинах каждого из этих изменений. Важный практический вывод состоит в том, что лечение, помимо психообразования, должно быть направлено на помощь лицам с шизофренией в интеграции широкого комплекса сложных и потенциально глубоко болезненных переживаний, ассоциированных с психическим расстройством в персонально значимую, связную и адаптивную конструкцию.
Ключевые слова: инсайт, шизо...
Перевод: Шишорин Р. (г. Москва)
Редактура: к.м.н. Потанин С. (г. Москва)
Недостаточный инсайт при шизофрении широко распространен в различных культурах и стадиях заболевания. В этом обзоре мы рассматриваем последние исследования, посвященные взаимосвязи инсайта с поведением, настроением и воспринимаемым качеством жизни, о его комплексных причинах и об эффектах существующего и перспективного лечения. Данное исследование показывает, что недостаточный инсайт ведет к худшей приверженности лечению и более слабому терапевтическому альянсу, более высокой тяжести симптомов и большему нарушению социального функционирования, в то время как хороший инсайт связан с более частым возникновением депрессии и деморализации, особенно в тех случаях, когда ему сопутствуют стигматизация и общественное отвержение...
Материал для специалистов
Полный текст статьи доступен только зарегистрированным пользователям.
Вход / Регистрация- 1. Pick A. Uber Krankheitsbewusstsein in psychischen Krankheiten. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr 1882;13:518-81.
- 2. Lewis A. The psychopathology of insight. Br J Med Psychol 1934;14:332-48.
- 3. Weinstein EA, Robert LK. Denial of illness: symbolic and physiological aspects. Springfield: Thomas, 1955.
- 4. Phelps S. Blind to their blindness: a history of the denial of illness. PhD Dissertation, Harvard University, Boston, 2014.
- 5. Kane JM. Improving patient outcomes in schizophrenia: achieving remission, preventing relapse, and measuring success. J Clin Psychiatry 2013;74:e18.
- 6. Schennach R, Meyer S, Seemuller F et al. Insight in schizophrenia course and predictors during the acute treatment phase of patients suffering from a schizophrenia spectrum disorder. Eur Psychiatry 2012;27: 625-33.
- 7. Wang Y, Xiang YT, Wang CY et al. Insight in Chinese schizophrenia patients: a 12-month follow-up. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2011;18:751-7.
- 8. Cuesta MJ, Peralta V, Campos MS et al. Can insight be predicted in first episode psychosis patients? A longitudinal and hierarchical analysis of predictors in a drug-naıve sample. Schizophr Res 2011;130:148-56.
- 9. Koren D, Viksman P, Giuliano AJ et al. The nature and evolution of insight in schizophrenia: a multi-informant longitudinal study of first-episode versus chronic patients. Schizophr Res 2013;151:245-51.
- 10. Osatuke K, Ciesla J, Kasckow JW et al. Insight in schizophrenia: a review of etiological models and supporting research. Compr Psychiatry 2008;49:70-7.
- 11. Vohs JL, Lysaker PH, Liffick E et al. Metacognitive capacity as a predictor of insight in first-episode psychosis. J Nerv Ment Dis 2015;203:372-8.
- 12. Braw Y, Sitman R, Sela T et al. Comparison of insight among schizophrenia and bipolar disorder patients in remission of affective and positive symptoms: analysis and critique. Eur Psychiatry 2012;27:612-8.
- 13. Lysaker PH, Vohs J, Hillis JD et al. Poor insight into schizophrenia: contributing factors, consequences, and emerging treatment approaches. Expert Rev Neurother 2013;13:785-93.
- 14. Amador XF, Flaum M, Andreasen NC et al. Awareness of illness in schizophrenia and schizoaffective and mood disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry1994;51:826-36.
- 15. Martin JM, Warman DM, Lysaker PH. Cognitive insight in non-psychiatric individuals and individuals with psychosis: an examination using the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale. Schizophr Res 2010;121:39-45.
- 16. Riggs SE, Grant PM, Perivoliotis D et al. Assessment of cognitive insight: a qualitative review. Schizophr Bull 2012;38:338-50.
- 17. Lincoln TM, Lullman E, Rief W. Correlates and long-term consequences of poor insight in patients with schizophrenia. A systematic review. Schizophr Bull 2007;33:1324-42.
- 18. Misdrahi D, Tessier A, Swendesen J et al. Determination of adherence profiles in schizophrenia using self-reported adherence: results from the FACE-SZ dataset. J Clin Psychiatry 2016;77:1130-6.
- 19. Lincoln TM, Jung E, Wiesiahn M et al. The impact of negative treatment experiences on persistent refusal of antipsychotics. Compr Psychiatry 2016;70:165-73.
- 20. Chan KW, Hui LM, Wong HY et al. Medication adherence, knowledge about psychosis, and insight among patients with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 2014;202:25-9.
- 21. Chandra IS, Kumar KL, Reddy MP et al. Attitudes toward medication andreasons for non-compliance in patients with schizophrenia. Indian J Psychol Med 2014;36:294-8.
- 22. Eticha T, Teklu A, Ali D et al. Factors associated with medication adherenceamong patients with schizophrenia in Mekelle, Northern Ethiopia. PLoS One 2015;10:1-11.
- 23. Na E, Yim SJ, Lee JN et al. Relationships among medication adherence, insight, and neurocognition in chronic schizophrenia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2015;69:298-304.
- 24. Hui CL, Lau WW, Leung CM et al. Clinical and social correlates of durationof untreated psychosis among adult-onset psychosis in Hong Kong Chinese: the JCEP study. Early Interv Psychiatry 2015;9:118-25.
- 25. O’Donoghue B, Lyne J, Kinsella A et al. Detection and characteristics of individuals with a very long duration of untreated psychosis in anearly intervention for psychosis service. Early Interv Psychiatry 2014;8:332-9.
- 26. Karthik MS, Warikoo N, Chakrabarti S et al. Attitudes towards antipsychoticsamong patients with schizophrenia on first- or second-generation medications. Indian J Psychol Med 2014;36:288-93.
- 27. Samalin L, de Chazeron I, Blanc O et al. Attitudes toward antipsychotic medications as a useful feature in exploring medication non-adherencein schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2016;178:1-5.
- 28. Ramachandran AS, Ramanathan R, Praharai SK et al. A cross-sectional, comparative study of insight in schizophrenia and bipolar patients inremission. Indian J Psychol Med 2016;38:207-12.
- 29. Kako Y, Ito K, Hashimoto N et al. The relationship between insight and subjective experience in schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2014;10:1415-22.
- 30. Zhou J, Xiang YT, Li Q et al. Gender differences in attitudes towards antipsychotic medications in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res2016;245:276-81.
- 31. Zhou Y, Rosenheck R, Mohamed S et al. Factors associated with completed is continuation of medication among patients with schizophrenia in the year after hospital discharge. Psychiatry Res 2017;250:129-35.
- 32. Czobor P, Van Dorn RA, Citrome L et al. Treatment adherence in schizophrenia: a patient-level meta-analysis of combined CATIE and EUFEST studies. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015;25:1158-66.
- 33. Abdel Aziz K, Elamin MH, El-Saadouni NM et al. Schizophrenia: impact of psychopathology, faith healers and psycho-education on adherence tomedication. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2016;62:719-25.
- 34. Siu CO, Harvey PD, Agid O et al. Insight and subjective measures ofquality of life in chronic schizophrenia. Schizophr Res Cogn 2015;2:127-32.
- 35. Noordraven EL, Wierdsma AI, Blanken P et al. Depot-medication compliance for patients with psychotic disorders: the importance of illness insightand treatment motivation. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2016;12:269-74.
- 36. Velligan DI, Sajatovic M, Hatch A et al. Why do psychiatric patients stop antipsychotic medication? A systematic review of reasons for non-adherence to medication in patients with serious mental illness. Patient Prefer Adherence 2017;11:449-68.
- 37. Lincoln TM, Rief W, Westermann S et al. Who stays, who benefits? Predicting dropout and change in cognitive behaviour therapy for psychosis. Psychiatry Res 2014;216:198-205.
- 38. Berry K, Gregg L, Lobban F et al. Therapeutic alliance in psychological therapy for people with recent onset psychosis who use cannabis. Compr Psychiatry 2016;67:73-80.
- 39. Cavelti M, Rusch N, Vauth R. Is living with psychosis demoralizing? Insight, self-stigma, and clinical outcome among people with schizophrenia across 1 year. J Nerv Ment Dis 2014;202:521-9.
- 40. Ruchlewska A, Kamperman AM, van der Gaag M et al. Working alliance in patients with severe mental illness who need a crisis intervention plan. Community Ment Health J 2016;52:102-8.
- 41. Bo B, Ottesen OH, Gjestad R et al. Patient satisfaction after acute admission for psychosis. Nord J Psychiatry 2016;70:321-8.
- 42. Mintz AR, Dobson KS, Romney DM. Insight in schizophrenia: a metaanalysis. Schizophr Res 2003;61:75-88.
- 43. Johnson S, Sathyaseelan M, Charles H et al. Predictors of disability: a 5-year cohort study of first-episode schizophrenia. Asian J Psychiatry 2014;9:45-50.
- 44. Bianchini O, Porcelli S, Nespeca C et al. Effects on antipsychotic drugs on insight in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2014;218:20-4.
- 45. Kumar A, Sharma P, Das S et al. Insight in psychotic disorder: relation with psychopathology and frontal lobe function. Psychopathology 2014;47:32-8.
- 46. Pousa E, Ochoa S, Cobo J et al. A deeper view of insight in schizophrenia: insight dimensions, unawareness and misattribution of particular symptoms and its relation with psychopathological factors. Schizophr Res 2017;189:61-8.
- 47. Zhou Y, Rosenheck R, Mohamed S et al. Insight in inpatients with schizophrenia: relationship to symptoms and neuropsychological functioning. Schizophr Res 2015;161:376-81.
- 48. Chan KK. Associations of symptoms, neurocognition, and metacognition with insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Compr Psychiatry 2016;65:63-9.
- 49. Chang WC, Lau CF, Chan SS et al. Premorbid, clinical and cognitive correlates of primary negative symptoms in first-episode psychosis. Psychiatry Res 2016;242:144-9.
- 50. Nestsiarovich A, Obyedkov V, Kandratsenka H et al. Disorganization at the stage of schizophrenia clinical outcome: clinical-biological study. Eur Psychiatry 2016;42:44-8.
- 51. Sanchez-Torres AM, Zarzuela A, Peralta V et al. The association of lifetime insight and cognition in psychosis. Schizophr Res 2015;162:183-8.
- 52. Yanos PT, Vavshenker B, Pleskach P et al. Insight among people with severe mental illness, co-occurring PTSD and elevated psychotic symptoms: correlates and relationship to treatment participation. Compr Psychiatry 2016;68:172-7.
- 53. Volavka J, Van Dorn RA, Citrome L et al. Hostility in schizophrenia: an integrated analysis of the combined Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) and the European First Episode Schizophrenia Trial (EUFEST) studies. Eur Psychiatry 2016;31:13-9.
- 54. Berge D, Mane A, Salgado P et al. Predictors of relapse and functioning in first-episode psychosis: a two-year follow-up study. Psychiatry Serv 2016;67:227-33.
- 55. Gumley AI, Schwannauer M, Macbeth A et al. Insight, duration of untreated psychosis and attachment in first-episode psychosis: prospective study of psychiatric recovery over 12-month follow-up. Br J Psychiatry 2014;205: 60-7.
- 56. Misiak B, Frydecka D, Beszlei JA et al. Effects of antipsychotics on insight in schizophrenia: results from independent samples of first-episode and acute relapsed patients. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2016;31:185-91.
- 57. Quee PJ, van der Meer L, Krabbendam L et al. Insight change in psychosis: relationship with neurocognition, social cognition, clinical symptoms, and phase of illness. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2014;129:126-33.
- 58. Chan SK, Chan KK, Hui CL et al. Correlates of insight with symptomatology and executive function in patients with first-episode schizophrenia-spectrum disorder: a longitudinal perspective. Psychiatry Res 2014;216:177-84.
- 59. Cobo J, Nieto L, Ochoa S et al. Insight and gender in schizophrenia and other psychoses. Psychiatry Res 2016;243:268-77.
- 60. Kimhy D, Jobson-Ahmed L, Ben-David S et al. Cognitive insight in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis. Early Interv Psychiatry 2014;8:130-7.
- 61. Uchida T, Matsumoto K, Ito F et al. Relationship between cognitive insight and attenuated delusional symptoms in individuals with at-risk mental state. Psychiatry Res 2014;217:20-4.
- 62. O’Connor JA, Ellett L, Ainakina O et al. Can cognitive insight predict symptom remission in a first episode psychosis cohort? BMC Psychiatry 2017;17:54.
- 63. Benoit A, Harvey PO, Bherer L et al. Does the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale predict response to cognitive remediation in schizophrenia? Schizophr Res Treatment 2016;2016:6371856.
- 64. Zhang Q, Li X, Parker GJ et al. Theory of mind correlates with clinical insight but not cognitive insight in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2016;237:188-95.
- 65. Erol A, Delibas H, Bora O et al. The impact of insight on social functioning in patients with schizophrenia. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2015;61:379-85.
- 66. Firmin RL, Luther L, Lysaker PH et al. Self-initiated helping behaviors and recovery in severe mental illness: implications for work, volunteerism, and peer support. Psychiatr Rehabil J 2015;38:336-41.
- 67. Montemagni C, Castagna F, Crivelli B et al. Relative contributions of negative symptoms, insight, and coping strategies to quality of life in stable schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2014;220:102-11.
- 68. Tastet H, Verdoux H, Bouisson J et al. Impact of interpersonal factors on insight in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2014;159:527-32.
- 69. Morandi S, Golay P, Lambert M et al. Community treatment order: identifying the need for more evidence based justification of its use in first episode psychosis patients. Schizophr Res 2016;185:67-72.
- 70. Drake RJ, Nordentoft M, Haddock G et al. Modeling determinants of medication attitudes and poor adherence in early nonaffective psychosis: implications for intervention. Schizophr Bull 2015;41:584-96.
- 71. Chong CS, Siu MW, Kwan CH et al. Predictors of functioning in people suffering from first-episode psychosis 1 year into entering early interventions service in Hong Kong. Early Interv Psychiatry (in press).
- 72. Cannayo D, Minutolo G, Battaglia E et al. Insight and recovery in schizophrenic patients. Int J Psychiatry ClinPract 2016;20:83-90.
- 73. Klaas HS, Clemence A, Marion-Veyron R et al. Insight as a social identity process in the evolution of psychosocial functioning in the early phase of psychosis. Psychol Med 2017;47:718-29.
- 74. Ayesa-Arriola R, Moriñigo JD, David AS et al. Lack of insight 3 years after first-episode psychosis: an unchangeable illness trait determined from first presentation? Schizophr Res 2014;157:271-7.
- 75. Lysaker PH, Roe D, Yanos PT. Toward understanding the insight paradox: internalized stigma moderates the association between insight and social functioning, hope, and self-esteem among people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Schizophr Bull 2007;33:192-9.
- 76. Onwuameze OE, Uga A, Paradiso S. Longitudinal assessment of clinical risk factors for depression in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2016;28:167-74.
- 77. Misdrahi D, Denard S, Swendsen J et al. Depression in schizophrenia: the influence of the different dimensions of insight. Psychiatry Res 2014;216:6-12.
- 78. Rossi A, Amore M, Galderisi S et al. The complex relationship between self-reported ‘personal recovery’ and clinical recovery in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res (in press).
- 79. Thomas N, Ribaux D, Phillips LJ. Rumination, depressive symptoms and awareness of illness in schizophrenia. Behav Cogn Psychother 2014;42:1-13.
- 80. Margariti M, Ploumpidis D, Economou M et al. Quality of life in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: association with insight and psychopathology. Psychiatry Res 2015;225:695-701.
- 81. Schrank B, Amering M, Hay AG et al. Insight, positive and negative symptoms, hope, depression and self-stigma: a comprehensive model of mutual influences in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2014;23:271-9.
- 82. Belvederi Murri M, Amore M, Calcagno P et al. The “insight paradox” in schizophrenia: magnitude, moderators and mediators of the association between insight and depression. Schizophr Bull 2016;42:1225-33.
- 83. Lien YJ, Chang HA, Kao YC et al. Insight, self-stigma and psychosocial outcomes in schizophrenia: a structural equation modeling approach. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2016;15:1-10.
- 84. Valiente C, Provencio M, Espinosa R et al. Insight in paranoia: the role of experiential avoidance and internalized stigma. Schizophr Res 2015;164:214-20.
- 85. MacDougall AG, Vandermeer MR, Norman RM. Negative future self as a mediator in the relationship between insight and depression in psychotic disorders. Schizophr Res 2015;165:66-9.
- 86. Grover S, Sahoo S, Nehra R et al. Relationship of depression with cognitive insight and socio-occupational outcome in patients with schizophrenia. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2017;6:181-94.
- 87. Belvederi Murri M, Respino M, Innamorati M et al. Is good insight associated with depression among patients with schizophrenia? Systematicreview and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 2015;162:234-47.
- 88. Buck KD, Roe D, Yanos PT et al. Challenges to assisting with the recovery of personal identity and wellness for persons with serious mental illness: considerations for mental health professionals. Psychosis 2013;5:127-33.
- 89. Giusti L, Ussorio D, Tosone A et al. Is personal recovery in schizophrenia predicted by low cognitive insight? Community Ment Health J 2015;51:30-7.
- 90. Kim JH, Lee S, Han AY et al. Relationship between cognitive insight and subjective quality of life in outpatients with schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2015;11:2041-8.
- 91. Phalen PL, Viswanadhan K, Lysaker PH et al. The relationship between cognitive insight and quality of life in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: symptom severity as potential moderator. Psychiatry Res 2015;230:839-45.
- 92. Palmer EC, Gilleen J, David AS. The relationship between cognitive insight and depression in psychosis and schizophrenia: a review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 2015;166:261-8.
- 93. Weintraub MJ, Weismann de Mamani A. Effects of sub-clinical psychosis and cognitive insight on psychological well-being: a structural equation model. Psychiatry Res 2015;226:149-55.
- 94. Adan A, Capella MD, Prat G et al. Executive functioning in men with schizophrenia and substance use disorders: influence of lifetime suicide attempts. PLoS One 2017;12:1-16.
- 95. Lopez-Moriñigo JD, Wiffen B, O’Connor J et al. Insight and suicidality in first-episode psychosis: understanding the influence of suicidal history on insight dimensions at first presentation. Early Interv Psychiatry 2014;8:113-21.
- 96. Barrett EA, Mork E, Faerden A et al. The development of insight and its relationship with suicidality over one year follow-up in patients with first episode psychosis. Schizophr Res 2015;162:97-102.
- 97. Massons C, Lopez-Moriñigo JD, Pousa E et al. Insight and suicidality in psychosis: a cross-sectional study. Psychiatry Res 2017;252:147-53.
- 98. Henriksen MG, Parnas J. Self-disorders and schizophrenia: a phenomenological reappraisal of poor insight and noncompliance. Schizophr Bull 2014;40:542-7.
- 99. Xavier RM, Vorderstrasse A. Neurobiological basis of insight in schizophrenia: a systematic review. Nurs Res 2016;65:224-37.
- 100. Asmal L, du Plessis S, Vink M et al. Insight and white matter fractional anisotropy in first-episode psychosis. Schizophr Res 2016;183:88-94.
- 101. Chen X, Duan M, He H et al. Functional abnormalities of the right posterior insula are related to the altered self-experience in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2016;256:26-32.
- 102. Gerretsen P, Menon M, Mamo DC et al. Impaired insight into illness and cognitive insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: resting state functional connectivity. Schizophr Res 2014;160:43-50.
- 103. Lee JS, Chun JW, Lee SH et al. Altered neural basis of the reality processing and its relation to cognitive insight in schizophrenia. PLoS One 2015;10:1-15.
- 104. Shad MU, Keshayan MS. Neurobiology of insight deficits in schizophrenia: an fMRI study. Schizophr Res 2015;165:220-6.
- 105. Zhang L, Opmeet EM, Ruhe HG et al. Brain activation during self- and other-reflection in bipolar disorder with a history of psychosis: comparison to schizophrenia. Neuroimage Clin 2015;8:202-9.
- 106. Larabi DI, Liemburg EJ, Pijnenborg GH et al. Association between prefrontal N-acetylaspartate and insight in psychotic disorders. Schizophr Res 2017;179:112-8.
- 107. Sapara A, Ftytche DH, Cooke MA et al. Voxel-based magnetic resonance imaging investigation of poor and preserved clinical insight in people with schizophrenia. World J Psychiatry 2016;6:311-21.
- 108. Emami S, Guimond S, Mallar Chakravarty M et al. Cortical thickness and low insight into symptoms in enduring schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2016;170:66-72.
- 109. Parellada M, Pina-Camacho L, Moreno C et al. Insular pathology in young people with high-functioning autism and first-episode psychosis. Psychol Med 2017;47:2472-82.
- 110. Buchy L, Barbato M, MacMaster FP et al. Cognitive insight is associated with cortical thickness in first-episode psychosis. Schizophr Res 2016;172:16-22.
- 111. Curcic-Blake B, van der Meer L, Pijnenborg GH et al. Insight and psychosis: functional and anatomical brain connectivity and self-reflection in schizophrenia. Hum Brain Mapp 2015;36:4859-68.
- 112. Kuang C, Buchy L, Barbato M et al. A pilot study of cognitive insight and structural covariance in first-episode psychosis. Schizophr Res 2017;179:91-6.
- 113. Shenton ME, Whitford TJ, Kubicki M. Structural neuroimaging in schizophrenia: from methods to insights to treatments. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2010;12:317-32.
- 114. Berge DS, Carmona M, Rovira A et al. Gray matter volume deficits and correlation with insight and negative symptoms in first-psychotic episode subjects. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2011;123: 431-9.
- 115. Buchy L, Hawco C, Joober R et al. Cognitive insight in first-episode schizophrenia: further evidence for a role of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. Schizophr Res 2015;166:65-8.
- 116. Sapara A, Ffytche DH, Birchwood M et al. Preservation and compensation: the functional neuroanatomy of insight and working memory in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2014;152:201-9.
- 117. Sapara A, Ffytche DH, Cooke MA et al. Is it me? Verbal self-monitoring neural network and clinical insight in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2015;234:328-35.
- 118. Bassitt DP, Neto MRL, de Castro CC et al. Insight and regional brain volumes in schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2007;257:58-62.
- 119. David A, Van Os J, Jones P et al. Insight and psychotic illness. Crosssectional and longitudinal associations. Br J Psychiatry 1995;167:621-8.
- 120. Rossell S, Coakes J, Shapleske J et al. Insight: its relationship with cognitive function, brain volume and symptoms in schizophrenia. Psychol Med 2003;33:111-9.
- 121. Hwang SS, Ahn YM, Kim YS. Neurocognitive functioning as an intermediary variable between psychopathology and insight in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2015;230:792-9.
- 122. Diez-Martin J, Moreno-Ortega M, Bagney A et al. Differential relationships between set-shifting abilities and dimensions of insight in schizophrenia. Psychopathology 2014;47:86-92.
- 123. de Vos AE, Pijnenborg GH, Aleman A et al. Implicit and explicit selfrelated processing in relation to insight in patients with schizophrenia. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2015;20:311-29.
- 124. Zaytseva Y, Korsakova N, Gurovich IY et al. Luria revisited: complex motor phenomena in first episode schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Psychiatry Res 2014;220:145-51.
- 125. MacDougall AG, McKinnon MC, Herdman KA et al. The relationship between insight and autobiographical memory for emotional events in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2015;226:392-5.
- 126. Bhagyavathi HD, Mehta UM, Thirthalli J et al. Cascading and combined effects of cognitive deficits and residual symptoms on functional outcome in schizophrenia – a path-analytical approach. Psychiatry Res2015;229:264-71.
- 127. Cernis E, Vassos E, Brebion G et al. Schizophrenia patients with high intelligence: a clinically distinct sub-type of schizophrenia? Eur Psychiatry 2015;30:628-32.
- 128. Gerretsen P, Plitman E, Raiji TK et al. The effects of aging on insight into illness in schizophrenia: a review. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2014;29:45-61.
- 129. Gerretsen P, Voineskos AN, Graff-Guerrero A et al. Insight into illness and cognition in schizophrenia in earlier and later life.
- J Clin Psychiatry 2017; 150:217-22.
- 130. Gilleen J, David A, Greenwood K. Self-reflection and set-shifting mediate awareness in cognitively preserved schizophrenia patients. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2016;21:185-96.
- 131. Aleman A, Agrawal N, Morgan KD et al. Insight in psychosis and neuropsychological function: meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 2006;189:204-12.
- 132. Nair A, Palmer EC, Aleman A et al. Relationship between cognition, clinical and cognitive insight in psychotic disorders: a review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 2014;152:191-200.
- 133. Kansal V, Patriciu I, Kiang M. Illness insight and neurophysiological error-processing deficits in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2014;156:122-7.
- 134. Poyraz BC, Arikan MK, Poyraz CA et al. Clinical and cognitive insight in patients with acute-phase psychosis: association with treatment and neuropsychological functioning. Nord J Psychiatry 2016;70:528-35.
- 135. Gonzalez-Blanch C, Alvarez-Jimenez M, Ayesa-Arriola R et al. Differential associations of cognitive insight components with pretreatment characteristics in first-episode psychosis. Psychiatry Res 2014;215:308-13.
- 136. Ohmuro N, Katsura M, Obara C et al. The relationship between cognitive insight and cognitive performance among individuals with at-risk mental state for developing psychosis. Schizophr Res (in press).
- 137. Brüne M. Theory of mind in schizophrenia: a review of the literature. Schizophr Bull 2005;31:21-42.
- 138. Green MF, Leitman DI. Social cognition in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2008;34:670-2.
- 139. Vohs JL, George S, Leonhardt BL et al. An integrative model of the impairments in insight in schizophrenia: emerging research on causal factors and treatments. Expert Rev Neurother 2016;16:
- 1193-204.
- 140. Ng R, Fish S, Granholm E. Insight and theory of mind in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2015;225:169-74.
- 141. Popolo R, Dimaggio G, Luther L et al. Theory of mind in schizophrenia: associations with clinical and cognitive insight controlling for levels of psychopathology. J NervMent Dis 2016;204:
- 240-3.
- 142. Bora E. Relationship between insight and theory of mind in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Res (in press).
- 143. Flavell JH. Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: a new area of cognitive-developmental inquiry. Am Psychol 1979;34:906.
- 144. Lysaker PH, Vohs JL, Ballard R et al. Metacognition, self reflection and recovery in schizophrenia: review of the literature. Future Neurol 2013;8:103-15.
- 145. Lysaker PH, Vohs J, Minor K et al. Metacognitive deficits in schizophrenia: presence and associations with psychosocial outcomes. J Nerv Ment Dis 2015;203:530-6.
- 146. Bedford NJ, David AS. Denial of illness in schizophrenia as a disturbance of self-reflection, self-perception and insight. Schizophr Res 2014;152:89-96.
- 147. Moe AM, Breitborde NJ, Shakeel MK et al. Idea density in the life-stories of people with schizophrenia: associations with narrative qualities and psychiatric symptoms. Schizophr Res 2016;172:201-5.
- 148. Vidovic D, Brecic P, Vilibic M et al. Insight and self-stigma in patients with schizophrenia. Acta Clin Croat 2016;55:23-8.
- 149. Singh A, Mattoo SK, Grover S. Stigma and its correlates in patients with schizophrenia attending a general hospital psychiatric unit. Indian J Psychiatry 2016;58:291-300.
- 150. Drake RE, Whitley R. Recovery and severe mental illness: description and analysis. Can J Psychiatry 2014;59:236-42.
- 151. Karow A, Naber D, Lambert M et al. EGOFORS initiative: remission as perceived by people with schizophrenia, family members and psychiatrists. Eur Psychiatry 2012;27:426-31.
- 152. Slade M, Longden E. Empirical evidence about recovery and mental health. BMC Psychiatry 2015;15:1-14.
- 153. Ehrlich-Ben Or S, Hasson-Ohayon I, Feingold D et al. Meaning in life, insight and self-stigma among people with severe mental illness. Compr Psychiatry 2013;54:195-200.
- 154. Hasson-Ohayon I, Mashiach-Eizenberg M, Elhasid N et al. Between selfclarity and recovery in schizophrenia: reducing the self-stigma and finding meaning. Compr Psychiatry 2014;55:
- 675-80.
- 155. Berg AO, Barrett EA, Nerhus M et al. Psychosis: clinical insight and beliefs in immigrants in their first episode. Early Interv Psychiatry (in press).
- 156. Mohamed S, Rosenheck R, He H et al. Insight and attitudes towards medication among inpatients with chronic schizophrenia in the US and China. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2014;49:1063-70.
- 157. Zisman-Ilani Y, Hasson-Ohayon I, Lev-Frank I et al. Self stigma, insight, and family burden among Israelimothers of people with serious mental illness: ethno-national considerations. Transcult Psychiatry 2017;54:423-41.
- 158. Macgregor A, Norton J, Bortolon C et al. Insight of patients and their parents into schizophrenia: exploring agreement and the influence of parental factors. Psychiatry Res 2015;228:879-86.
- 159. Raffard S, Bortolon C, Macgregor A et al. Cognitive insight in schizophrenia patients and their biological parents: a pilot study. Schizophr Res 2014;159:471-7.
- 160. Habib N, Dawood S, Kingdon D et al. Preliminary evaluation of culturally adapted CBT for psychosis (CA-CBTp): findings from developing culturally sensitive CBT project (DCCP). Behav Cogn Psychother 2015;43:200-8.
- 161. Li ZJ, Guo ZH, Wang N et al. Cognitive-behavioural therapy for patients with schizophrenia: a multicentre randomized controlled trial in Beijing, China. Psychol Med 2015;45:1893-905.
- 162. Naeem F, Saeed S, Irfan M et al. Brief culturally adapted CBT for psychosis (CaCBTp): a randomized controlled trial from a low income country. Schizophr Res 2015;164:143-8.
- 163. Guo ZH, Li ZJ, Ma Y et al. Brief cognitive-behavioural therapy for patientsin the community with schizophrenia: randomised controlled trial in Beijing, China. Br J Psychiatry 2017;210:223-9.
- 164. Drake RJ, Day CJ, Picucci R et al. A naturalistic, randomized, controlled trial combining cognitive remediation with cognitive-behavioural therapy after first-episode non-affective psychosis. Psychol Med 2014;44:1889-99.
- 165. Chien WT, Muj JH, Cheung EF et al. Effects of motivational interviewing based adherence therapy for schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2015;16:1-14.
- 166. Chien WT, Muj J, Gray R et al. Adherence therapy versus routine psychiatric care for people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry 2016;16:1-14.
- 167. Chien WT, Thompson DR. Effects of a mindfulness-based psychoeducation programme for Chinese patients with schizophrenia: 2-year followup. Br J Psychiatry 2014;205:52-9.
- 168. Wang LQ, Chien WT, Yip LK et al. A randomized controlled trial of amindfulness-based intervention program for people with schizophrenia: 6-month follow-up. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2016;12:3097-110.
- 169. Yilmaz E, Okanli A. Test of mindfulness-based psychosocial skills trainingto improve insight and functional recovery in schizophrenia. West J Nurs Res (in press).
- 170. Rakitzi S, Georgila P, Efthimiou K et al. Efficacy and feasibility of the integrated psychological therapy for outpatients with schizophrenia in Greece: final results of a RCT. Psychiatry Res 2016;242:137-43.
- 171. Zhou B, Gu Y. Effect of self-management training on adherence to medications among community residents with chronic schizophrenia: a single blind randomized controlled trial in Shanghai, China. Shanghai Arch Psychiatry 2014;26:332-8.
- 172. Jorgensen R, Licht RW, Lysaker PL et al. Effects on cognitive and clinical insight with the use of guided self-determination in outpatients with schizophrenia: a randomized open trial. Eur Psychiatry 2015;30:655-63.
- 173. Pijnenborg GH, Timmerman ME, Derks EM et al. Differential effects of antipsychotic drugs on insight in first episode schizophrenia: data from the European First-Episode Schizophrenia Trial (EUFEST). Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015;25:808-16.
- 174. Hou CL, Cai MY, Ma XR et al. Clozapine prescription and quality of life in Chinese patients with schizophrenia treated in primary care. Pharmacopsychiatry 2015;48:200-4.
- 175. Mattila T, Koeter M, Wohlfarth T. The impact of second generation antipsychotics on insight in schizophrenia: results from 14 randomized, placebocontrolled trials. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2017;27:82-6.
- 176. Moritz S, Andreou C, Schneider BC et al. Sowing the seeds of doubt: a narrative review on metacognitive training in schizophrenia. Clin Psychol Rev 2014;34:358-66.
- 177. Balzan RP, Delfabbro PH, Galletly CA et al. Metacognitive training forpatients with schizophrenia: preliminary evidence for a targeted, single module programme. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2014;48:1126-36.
- 178. Gaweda L, Krezolek M, Olbrys J et al. Decreasing self-reported cognitive biases and increasing clinical insight through meta-cognitive training inpatients with chronic schizophrenia. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2015;48:98-104.
- 179. Balzan RP, Galletly C. Metacognitive therapy (MCT1) in patients with psychosis not receiving antipsychotic medication: a case study. Front Psychol 2015;6:1-6.
- 180. Briki M, Monnin J, Haffen E et al. Metacognitive training for schizophrenia: a multicentre randomized controlled trial. Schizophr Res 2014;157:99-106.
- 181. Lam KC, Ho CP, Wa JC et al. Metacognitive training (MCT) for schizophrenia improves cognitive insight: a randomized controlled trial in a Chinese sample with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Behav Res Ther 2015;64:38-42.
- 182. Ochoa S, Lopez-Carrilero R, Barrigon ML et al. Randomized control trialto assess the efficacy of metacognitive training compared with a psychoeducational group in people with a recent-onset psychosis. Psychol Med 2017;47:1573-84.
- 183. Ussorio D, Giusti L, Wittekind CE et al. Metacognitive training for young subjects (MCT young version) in the early stages of psychosis: is theduration of untreated psychosis a limiting factor? Psychol Psychother 2016;89:50-65.
- 184. van Oosterhout B, Krabbendam L, de Boer K et al. Metacognitive group training for schizophrenia spectrum patients with delusions: a randomized controlled trial. Psychol Med 2014;44:3025-35.
- 185. Lysaker PH, Klion RE. Recovery, meaning-making, and severe mental illness: a comprehensive guide to metacognitive reflection and insighttherapy. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge (in press).
- 186. Hamm JA, Firmin RL. Disorganization and individual psychotherapy for schizophrenia: a case report of metacognitive reflection and insight therapy. J Contemp Psychother 2016;46:227-34.
- 187. Leonhardt BL, Benson K, George S et al. Targeting insight in FEP: a case study of metacognitive reflection insight therapy (MERIT).
- J Contemp Psychother 2016;46:207-16.
- 188. Leonhardt BL, Kukla M, Chadoin K et al. Emergence of psychotic content in psychotherapy: a qualitative analysis of content, process, and therapist variables. Psychother Res (in press).
- 189. Leonhardt BL, Ratliff K, Buck KD. Recovery in FEP: a case study of metacognitive reflection and insight therapy (MERIT). Am J Psychother (in press).
- 190. Vohs JL, Leonhardt BL, James AV et al. Metacognitive reflection and insight therapy for early psychosis: a preliminary study of a novel integrative psychotherapy. Schizophr Res (in press).
- 191. Connell M, Schweitzer R, King R. Recovery from first-episode psychosis and recovering self: a qualitative study. Psychiatr Rehabil
- J 2015;38:359-64.
- 192. Jacob KS. Insight in psychosis: standards, science, ethics and value judgment. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2017;63:345-51.
- 193. Ogden LP. “My life as it has value”: narrating schizophrenia in later years. Qual Health Res 2014;24:1342-55.
- 194. Touskova T, Bob P. Consciousness, awareness of insight and neural mechanisms of schizophrenia. Rev Neurosci 2015;26:295-304.